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| African usurpers | ||
| Aksumites | ||
| Burgundians | ||
| Eastern Roman Empire | ||
| English rulers | ||
| Frisians | ||
| Kingdom of Kent | ||
| Kingdom of the East Angles | ||
| Kingdom of the East Saxons | ||
| Kingdom of the Mercians | ||
| Kingdom of the Northumbrians | ||
| Kingdom of the South Saxons | ||
| Kingdom of the West Saxons | ||
| Lombards | ||
| Lombards of Benevento | ||
| Merovingians | ||
| Ostrogoths | ||
| Papacy | ||
| Roman Empire | ||
| Sasanians |