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| Abbasids | ||
| African usurpers | ||
| Afrighids | ||
| Aksumites | ||
| Alchons | ||
| Avars | ||
| Bukharkhudat | ||
| Burgundians | ||
| Carolingians | ||
| Chagankhudat | ||
| Dabuyid dynasty | ||
| Eastern Roman Empire | ||
| English rulers | ||
| Frisians | ||
| Gepids | ||
| Guaramid dynasty | ||
| Gupta dynasty | ||
| Hephthalites | ||
| Ikhshids of Sogdia | ||
| Kharijites |